Learn how to properly collect soil and root samples to test for nematodes.
Nationwide, crop losses caused by nematodes are estimated at around 5% to 10% annually. In the Southeast, where environmental conditions favor growth and reproduction of nematodes, losses are even higher.
The seven most damaging nematode species that affect Alabama growers are soybean cyst, lesion, stunt, lance, reniform, southern and peanut root-knot nematodes.
Symptoms caused by nematodes are usually not specific enough to permit diagnosis by examination of infected plants. Chlorosis (yellowing), stunting, early wilting and reduced yields are all frequently associated with nematode injury but also may be caused by other factors. Accurate diagnosis of nematode-induced disease or injury usually requires soil laboratory analysis.
Before valid control recommendations can be given, the specific types and numbers of nematodes present must be determined. This requires proper collection of soil and root samples representative of the problem area.
When To Sample
Research at Auburn University shows that generally the best time to sample fields for nematodes is August through October. During this period, soil nematode populations are at their highest level and are most easily detected.
The worst time to sample for nematodes is in late winter through early spring. Nematode populations are at their lowest level during this period and may not be detected in the sample.
Where And How To Sample
Fields where crops have been grown repeatedly should be tested every two to three years for nematodes. In this way, a population of destructive nematodes may be detected prior to crop losses. This is particularly true where crop rotation is not practiced. For sampling, fields should be divided into 5- to 10-acre sections. Collect 20 or more random samples of soil from each section.
Take samples from the top 8 to 10 inches of soil using a soil probe or shovel. Soil should be taken directly from the root zone if plants are still present. Mix samples thoroughly and remove one pint for the laboratory analysis. Do not collect samples when soil is dry or extremely wet, since nematode populations are usually low under these conditions.
When problem areas are present in the field, samples should be taken to determine if nematodes are the cause. Samples of moderately affected plants should be taken since nematode numbers are usually reduced beneath severely injured or dead plants. Samples should consist of roots and soil from several plants.
Also, it is always a good idea to sample from an area where plants are unaffected. Keep samples separate and mark them “good area” and “bad area.”
Package And Send
Soil samples should be placed in a plastic bag, sealed tightly to prevent drying and placed in a nematode sampling carton. Sample cartons are available from county Extension offices. Sample number and origin should be recorded on each carton. If samples are not mailed immediately, store at 40 degrees Fahrenheit (refrigerate).
Avoid placing the sample in the sun or in a closed automobile. Samples stored under such adverse conditions can give inaccurate results.
Label And Mail
Keep written records of the number and origin of each sample. In order to make a useful recommendation, information on the previous crop history and crop to be planted is needed. This information, along with the name and address where lab results are to be sent, can be placed on the Information Sheet for Nematode Soil Samples (Form ANR-F7).
Mail samples to the appropriate plant diagnostic laboratory and include the sample service charge as needed.
Article by Edward Sikora, Kassie Conner, W. Gazaway, A. K. Hagan and J. M. Mullen, Alabama Cooperative Extension Service.
